L-Lysine-producing corynebacteria and process for the preparation of L-lysine

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to L-lysine-producing strains of corynebacteria with enhanced lysE gene (lysine export carrier gene), in which strains additional genes chosen from the group comprising the dapA gene (dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene), the lysC gene (aspartate kinase gene), the dapB gene (dihydrodipicolinate reductase gene) and the pyc gene, but especially the dapA gene and the lysC gene (aspartate kinase gene), are enhanced and, in particular, over-expressed, and to a process for the preparation of L-lysine.

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/337,985, filed Jan. 8, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/801,321, filed Mar. 8, 2001 (now abandoned), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/353,133, filed Jul. 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,785, issued on Mar. 13, 1999, which claims priority to Germany Patent Appl. No. 199 31 317.2, filed Jul. 7, 1999.

The invention relates to L-lysine-producing strains of corynebacteria with enhanced lysE gene (lysine export carrier gene), in which strains additional genes, chosen from the group comprising the dapA gene (dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene), the lysC gene (aspartate kinase gene), the dapB gene (dihydrodipicolinate reductase gene) and the pyc gene, but especially the dapA gene and the lysC gene (aspartate kinase gene), are amplified and, in particular, over-expressed, and to a process for the preparation of L-lysine.

STATE OF THE ART

L-Lysine is a commercially important L-amino acid which is used especially as a feed additive in animal nutrition. The need has been steadily increasing in recent years.

L-Lysine is prepared by a fermentation process with L-lysine-producing strains of corynebacteria, especially Corynebacterium glutamicum. Because of the great importance of this product, attempts are constantly being made to improve the preparative process. Improvements to the process may relate to measures involving the fermentation technology, e.g. stirring and oxygen supply, or the composition of the nutrient media, e.g. the sugar concentration during fermentation, or the work-up to the product form, e.g. by ion exchange chromatography, or the intrinsic productivity characteristics of the microorganism itself.

The productivity characteristics of these microorganisms are improved by using methods of mutagenesis, selection and mutant choice to give strains which are resistant to antimetabolites, e.g. S-(2-aminoethyl)cysteine, or auxotrophic for amino acids, e.g. L-leucine, and produce L-lysine.

Methods of recombinant DNA technology have also been used for some years in order to improve L-lysine-producing strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum by amplifying individual biosynthesis genes and studying the effect on L-lysine production.

Thus, EP-A-0 088 166 reports the increase in productivity, after amplification, of a DNA fragment conferring resistance to aminoethylcysteine. EP-B-0 387 527 reports the increase in productivity, after amplification, of an lysC allele coding for a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase. EP-B-0 197 335 reports the increase in productivity, after amplification, of the dapA gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate synthase. EP-A-0 219 027 reports the increase in productivity, after amplification, of the asd gene coding for aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Pisabarro et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 175(9), 2743–2749 (1993)) describe the dapB gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase.

The effect of the amplification of primary metabolism genes on L-lysine production has also been studied. Thus EP-A-0 219 027 reports the increase in productivity, after amplification, of the aspC gene coding for aspartate aminotransferase. EP-B-0 143 195 and EP-B-0 358 940 report the increase in productivity, after amplification, of the ppc gene coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. DE-A-198 31 609 reports the increase in productivity, after amplification, of the pyc gene coding for pyruvate carboxylase.

Finally, DE-A-195 48 222 describes that an increased activity of the L-lysine export carrier coded for by the lysE gene promotes lysine production.

In addition to these attempts to amplify an individual gene, attempts have also been made to amplify two or more genes simultaneously and thereby to improve L-lysine production in corynebacteria. Thus, DE-A-38 23 451 reports the increase in productivity, after simultaneous amplification, of the asd gene and the dapA gene from Escherichia coli. DE-A-39 43 117 discloses the increase in productivity, after simultaneous amplification, of an lysC allele coding for a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase and of the dapA gene by means of plasmid pJC50. EP-A-0 841 395 particularly reports the increase in productivity, after simultaneous amplification, of an lysC allele coding for a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase and of the dapB gene; further improvements could be achieved by additional amplification of the dapB, lysA and ddh genes. EP-A-0 854 189 describes the increase in productivity, after simultaneous amplification, of an lysC allele coding for a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase and of the dapA, dapB, lysA and aspC genes. EP-A-0 857 784 particularly reports the increase in productivity, after simultaneous amplification, of an lysC allele coding for a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase enzym and of the lysA gene; a further improvement could be achieved by additional amplification of the ppc gene.

It is clear from the many processes described in the state of the art that there is a need for the development of novel approaches and for the improvement of existing processes for lysine production with corynebacteria.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention consists in using novel measures to provide improved L-lysine-producing strains of corynebacteria.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

L-Lysine is a commercially important L-amino acid which is used especially as a feed additive in animal nutrition.

When L-lysine or lysine is mentioned in the following text, it is understood as meaning not only the base but also the appropriate salts, e.g. lysine hydrochloride or lysine sulfate.

The invention provides L-lysine-producing strains of corynebacteria enhanced lysE gene (lysine export carrier gene), wherein they additionally contain genes chosen from the group comprising the dapA gene (dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene), the lysC gene (aspartate kinase gene), the dapB gene (dihydrodipicolinate reductase gene) and the pyc gene (pyruvate carboxylase gene), but especially the dapA gene and the lysC gene, which, individually or together, are enhanced and, preferably, over-expressed.

The novel DNA sequence located upstream (5′ end) from the dapB gene has also been found which carries the −35 region of the dapB promoter and is advantageous for the expression of the dapB gene. It is shown as SEQ ID No. 1.

A corresponding DNA capable of replication, with the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 1, is therefore claimed as well.

The invention also provides the MC20 or MA16 mutations of the dapA promoter shown in SEQ ID No. 5 and SEQ ID No. 6, deposited under DSM12868 and DSM12867 respectively.

The invention also provides L-lysine-producing strains of corynebacteria with enhanced lysE gene, wherein additionally the dapA and dapB genes are simultaneously enhanced and, in particular, over-expressed.

Finally, the invention also provides L-lysine-producing strains of corynebacteria with enhanced lysE gene, wherein additionally the dapA and lysC genes are simultaneously enhanced and, in particular, over-expressed.

In this context the term “enhancement” describes the increase in the intracellular activity, in a microorganism, of one or more enzymes which are coded for by the appropriate DNA, by increasing the copy number of the gene(s), using a strong promoter or using a gene coding for an appropriate enzyme with a high activity, and optionally combining these measures.

In this context, “amplification” describes a specific procedure for achieving an enhancement whereby the number of DNA molecules carrying a gene or genes, an allele or alleles, a regulatory signal or signals or any other genetic feature(s) is increased.

A process for the preparation of L-lysine by the fermentation of these corynebacteria is also claimed.

The microorganisms which the present invention provides can prepare L-lysine from glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch or cellulose or from glycerol and ethanol, especially from glucose or sucrose. Said microorganisms are corynebacteria, especially of the genus Corynebacterium. The species Corynebacterium glutamicum may be mentioned in particular in the genus Corynebacterium, being known to those skilled in the art for its ability to produce amino acids. This species includes wild-type strains such as Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, Brevibacterium flavum ATCC14067, Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC17965 and strains or mutants derived therefrom. Examples of L-lysine-producing mutants of corynebacteria are:

-   -   Corynebacterium glutamicum FERM-P 1709     -   Brevibacterium flavum FERM-P 1708     -   Brevibacterium lactofermentum FERM-P 1712     -   Brevibacterium flavum FERM-P 6463     -   Brevibacterium flavum FERM-P 6464     -   Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM5714     -   Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM12866

DE-A-195 48 222 discloses the advantageous effect of over-expression of the lysE gene on L-lysine production.

The additional enhanced expression of the dapB gene or the pyc gene, or in particular an additionally enhanced expression of an lysC allele coding for a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase, or in particular an additionally enhanced expression of the dapA gene, improves L-lysine production.

The inventors have also found that, for a given over-expression of the lysE gene, the simultaneous, additionally enhanced expression of the dapA and dapB genes brings further advantages for L-lysine production.

A corresponding DNA capable of replication, with the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 1, is therefore claimed as well.

For a given over-expression of the lysE gene, the simultaneous, additionally enhanced expression of the dapA gene and the lysC allele is also advantageous.

An enhancement (over-expression) is achieved e.g. by increasing the copy number of the appropriate genes or mutating the promoter and regulatory region or the ribosome binding site located upstream from the structural gene. Expression cassettes incorporated upstream from the structural gene work in the same way. Inducible promoters additionally make it possible to increase the expression in the course of the formation of L-lysine by fermentation. Measures for prolonging the life of the m-RNA also improve the expression. Furthermore, the enzyme activity is also enhanced by preventing the degradation of the enzyme protein, the genes or gene constructs either being located in plasmids (shuttle vectors) of variable copy number or being integrated and amplified in the chromosome. Alternatively, it is also possible to achieve an over-expression of the genes in question by changing the composition of the media and the culture technique.

Those skilled in the art will find relevant instructions inter alia in Martin et al. (Bio/Technology 5, 137–146 (1987)), Guerrero et al. (Gene 138, 35–41 (1994)), Tsuchiya and Morinaga (Bio/Technology 6, 428–430 (1988)), Eikmanns et al. (Gene 102, 93–98 (1991)), EP-0 472 869, U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,893, Schwarzer and Pühler (Bio/Technology 9, 84–87 (1991)), Reinscheid et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 126–132 (1994)), LaBarre et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 175, 1001–1007 (1993)), WO 96/15246, Malumbres et al. (Gene 134, 15–24 (1993)), JP-A-10-229891, Jensen and Hammer (Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58, 191–195 (1998)) or the handbook “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981) and well-known textbooks on genetics and molecular biology.

The genes from Corynebacterium glutamicum used according to the invention are described and can be isolated, prepared or synthesized by known methods.

Methods of localized mutagenesis are described inter alia by Higuchi et al. (Nucleic Acids Research 16: 7351–7367 (1988)) or by Silver et al. in the handbook by Innis, Glefand and Sninsky (eds.) entitled PCR Strategies (Academic Press, London, UK, 1995).

The first step in isolating a gene of interest from C. glutamicum is to construct a gene library of this microorganism in e.g. E. coli or optionally also in C. glutamicum. The construction of gene libraries is documented in generally well-known textbooks and handbooks. Examples which may be mentioned are the textbook by Winnacker entitled From Genes to Clones, Introduction to Gene Technology (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1990) or the handbook by Sambrook et al. entitled Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). Bathe et al. (Molecular and General Genetics 252: 255–265 (1996)) describe a gene library of C. glutamicum ATCC13032 which was constructed using cosmid vector SuperCos I (Wahl et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 84: 2160–2164 (1987)) in E. coli K-12 NM554 (Raleigh et al., Nucleic Acids Research 16: 1563–1575 (1988)). Börmann et al. (Molecular Microbiology 6(3), 317–326) in turn describe a gene library of C. glutamicum ATCC13032 using cosmid pHC79 (Hohn and Collins, Gene 11, 291–298 (1980)).

A gene library of C. glutamicum in E. coli can also be constructed using plasmids like pBR322 (Bolivar, Life Sciences 25, 807–818 (1979)) or pUC19 (Norrander et al., Gene, 26: 101–106 (1983)). In the same way it is also possible to use shuttle vectors such as pJC1 (Cremer et al., Molecular and General Genetics 220, 478–480 (1990)) or pEC5 (Eikmanns et al., Gene 102, 93–98 (1991)), which replicate in E. coli and C. glutamicum. Restriction- and/or recombination-defective strains are particularly suitable hosts, an example being the E. coli strain DH5αmcr, which has been described by Grant et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 87, 4645–4649 (1990)). Other examples are the restriction-defective C. glutamicum strains RM3 and RM4, which are described by Schäfer et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60(2), 756–759 (1994)).

The gene library is then transferred to an indicator strain by transformation (Hanahan, Journal of Molecular Biology 166, 557–580 (1983)) or electroporation (Tauch et al., FEMS Microbiological Letters, 123: 343–347 (1994)). The characteristic feature of the indicator strain is that it possesses a mutation in the gene of interest which causes a detectable phenotype, e.g. an auxotrophy. The indicator strains or mutants are obtainable from publicized sources or strain collections, e.g. the Genetic Stock Center of Yale University (New Haven, Conn., USA), or if necessary are specially prepared. An example of such an indicator strain which may be mentioned is the E. coli strain RDA8 requiring mesodiaminopimelic acid (Richaud et al., C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. III 293: 507–512 (1981)), which carries a mutation (dapA::Mu) in the dapA gene.

After transformation of the indicator strain with a recombinant plasmid carrying the gene of interest, and expression of the gene in question, the indicator strain becomes prototrophic in respect of the appropriate characteristic. If the cloned DNA fragment confers resistance, e.g. to an antimetabolite like S-(2-aminoethyl)cysteine, the indicator strain carrying the recombinant plasmid can be identified by selection on appropriately supplemented nutrient media.

If the nucleotide sequence of the gene region of interest is known or obtainable from a data bank, the chromosomal DNA can be isolated by known methods, e.g. as described by Eikmanns et al. (Microbiology 140, 1817–1828 (1994)), and the gene in question can be synthesized by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using suitable primers and cloned into a suitable plasmid vector, e.g. pCRIITOPO from Invitrogen (Groningen, The Netherlands). A summary of PCR methodology can be found in the book by Newton and Graham entitled PCR (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1994).

Examples of publicly accessible data banks for nucleotide sequences are that of the European Molecular Biologies Laboratories (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany) or that of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA).

The isolation and cloning of the lysE gene from C. glutamicum ATCC13032, together with the nucleotide sequence, are described in DE-A-195 48 222.

The isolation, cloning and sequencing of the dapA gene from various strains of C. glutamicum are described by Cremer et al. (Molecular and General Genetics 220: 478–480 (1990)), by Pisabarro et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 175: 2743–2749 (1993)) and by Bonnassie et al. (Nucleic Acids Research 18, 6421 (1990)). The nucleotide sequence of the dapA gene is obtainable under accession number X53993.

The isolation, cloning and sequencing of the dapB gene from Brevibacterium lactofermentum are described by Pisabarro et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 175: 2743–2749 (1993)). The nucleotide sequence of the dapB gene is obtainable under accession number X67737.

The isolation, cloning and sequencing of the lysC gene and of lysC alleles coding for a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase are reported by several authors. Thus, Kalinowski et al. (Molecular and General Genetics 224: 317–324 (1990)) report the lysC allele from the C. glutamicum strain DM58-1. DE-A-39 43 117 reports the cloning of the lysC allele from the C. glutamicum strain MH20. Follettie et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 175: 4096–4103 (1993)) report the lysC allele from the C. flavum strain N13, which is called ask in said publication. Kalinowski et al. (Molecular Microbiology 5, 1197–1204 (1991)) report the lysC gene from C. glutamicum ATCC13032. The nucleotide sequences of the lysC gene and of various lysC alleles are obtainable inter alia under accession numbers X57226 and E06826.

The genes obtained in this way can then be incorporated inter alia into plasmid vectors, e.g. pJC1 (Cremer et al., Molecular and General Genetics 220, 478–480 (1990)) or pEC5 (Eikmanns et al., Gene 102, 93–98 (1991)), individually or in suitable combinations, transferred to desired strains of corynebacteria, e.g. the strain MH20-22B (Schrumpf et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 37: 566–571 (1992)), by transformation, e.g. as in Thierbach et al. (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, 356–362 (1988)), or by electroporation, e.g. as in Dunican and Shivnan (Bio/Technology 7, 1067–1070 (1989)), and expressed. The strain to be chosen can equally well be transformed with two plasmid vectors, each containing the gene or genes in question, thereby achieving the advantageous, simultaneously enhanced expression of two or more genes in addition to the known enhancement of the lysE gene.

Examples of such strains are:

-   -   the strain MH20-22B/pJC33/pEC7lysE, in which the lysE and lysC         genes are expressed with simultaneous enhancement, or     -   the strain MH20-22B/pJC50/pEC7lysE, in which the lysE, lysC and         dapA genes are expressed with simultaneous enhancement, or     -   the strain MH20-22B/pJC23/pEC7lysE, in which the lysE and dapA         genes are expressed with simultaneous enhancement, or     -   the strain MH20-22B/pJC23/pEC7dapBlysE, in which the lysE, dapA         and dapB genes are expressed with simultaneous enhancement.

The microorganisms prepared according to the invention can be cultivated for L-lysine production continuously or discontinuously by the batch process, the fed batch process or the repeated fed batch process. A summary of known cultivation methods is provided in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einführung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik (Bioprocess Technology 1. Introduction to Bioengineering) (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen (Bioreactors and Peripheral Equipment) (Vieweg Verlag, Brunswick/Wiesbaden, 1994)).

The culture medium to be used must appropriately meet the demands of the particular microorganisms. Descriptions of culture media for various microorganisms can be found in the handbook “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981).

Carbon sources which can be used are sugars and carbohydrates, e.g. glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch and cellulose, oils and fats, e.g. soya oil, sunflower oil, groundnut oil and coconut fat, fatty acids, e.g. palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols, e.g. glycerol and ethanol, and organic acids, e.g. acetic acid. These substances can be used individually or as a mixture.

Nitrogen sources which can be used are organic nitrogen-containing compounds such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soybean flour and urea, or inorganic compounds such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate. The nitrogen sources can be used individually or as a mixture.

Phosphorus sources which can be used are potassium dihydrogenphosphate or dipotassium hydrogenphosphate or the corresponding sodium salts. The culture medium must also contain metal salts, e.g. magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are necessary for growth. Finally, essential growth-promoting substances such as amino acids and vitamins can be used in addition to the substances mentioned above. Said feed materials can be added to the culture all at once or fed in appropriately during cultivation.

The pH of the culture is controlled by the appropriate use of basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonia, or acid compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. Foaming can be controlled using antifoams such as fatty acid polyglycol esters. The stability of plasmids can be maintained by optionally adding suitable selectively acting substances, e.g. antibiotics, to the medium. Aerobic conditions are maintained by introducing oxygen or oxygen-containing gaseous mixtures, e.g. air, into the culture. The temperature of the culture is normally 20° C. to 45° C. and preferably 25° C. to 40° C. The culture is continued until L-lysine formation has reached a maximum. This objective is normally achieved within 10 hours to 160 hours.

The concentration of L-lysine formed can be determined with the aid of amino acid analyzers by means of ion exchange chromatography and postcolumn reaction with ninhydrin detection, as described by Spackmann et al. (Analytical Chemistry 30, 1190 (1958)).

The following microorganisms have been deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung fü{umlaut over ( )}r Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Brunswick, Germany) under the terms of the Budapest Treaty:

-   -   Escherichia coli K-12 strain DH5α/pEC7lysE as DSM12871     -   Escherichia coli K-12 strain DH5α/pEC7dapBlysE as DSM12875     -   Corynebacterium glutamicum strain DSM5715/pJC23 as DSM12869     -   Corynebacterium glutamicum strain DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16) as         DSM12867     -   Corynebacterium glutamicum strain DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20) as         DSM12868

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following Figures are attached:

FIG. 1: Plasmid pEC7lysE

FIG. 2: Plasmid pEC7dapB

FIG. 3: Plasmid pEC7dapBlysE

The abbreviations used in the Figures are defined as follows:

-   Cm: chloramphenicol resistance gene -   dapB: dapB gene from C. glutamicum -   lysE: lysE gene from C. glutamicum -   pyc: pyc gene from C. glutamicum -   OriE: plasmid-coded origin of replication of E. coli -   pBL: DNA fragment of plasmid pBL1 -   EcoRI: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme EcoRI -   EcoRV: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme EcoRV -   HincII: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme HincII -   HindIII: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme HindIII -   KpnI: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme -   KpnISalI: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme -   SalISmaI: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme -   SmaISphI: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme SphI -   PvuII: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme PvuII -   BamHI: cleavage site of the restriction enzyme BamHI.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of the DNA Coding for lysE

Chromosomal DNA was isolated from the strain ATCC13032 by the conventional methods (Eikmanns et al., Microbiology 140: 1817–1828 (1994)). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a DNA fragment carrying the lysE gene. The following primer oligonucleotides were chosen for the PCR on the basis of the lysE gene sequence known for C. glutamicum (Vrljic et al., Molecular Microbiology 22(5), 815–826 (1996)) (accession number X96471):

LysBam1: 5′ CTC GAG AGC (GGA TCC) GCG CTG ACT CAC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) LysBam2: 5′ GGA GAG TAC GGC (GGA TCC) ACC GTG ACC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8)

The primers shown were synthesized by MWG Biotech (Ebersberg, Germany) and the PCR was carried out by the standard PCR method of Innis et al. (PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, 1990, Academic Press). The primers make it possible to amplify an approx. 1.1 kb DNA fragment carrying the lysE gene. The primers also contain the sequence for the cleavage site of the restriction endonuclease BamHI, which is indicated by brackets in the nucleotide sequence shown above.

The amplified DNA fragment of approx. 1.1 kb, carrying the lysE gene, was identified by means of electrophoresis in 0.8% agarose gel, isolated from the gel and purified with the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (cat. no. 28704) from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany). The fragment was then ligated by means of T4 DNA ligase from Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany) to vector pUC18 (Norrander et al., Gene (26) 101–106 (1983)). This was done by fully cleaving vector pUC18 with the restriction endonuclease SmaI and treating it with alkaline phosphatase (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany). The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α (Hanahan, in: DNA Cloning, A Practical Approach, Vol. I, IRL-Press, Oxford, Washington D.C., USA). Plasmid-carrying cells were selected by plating the transformation mixture on LB agar (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) which had been supplemented with 50 mg/l of ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from a transformant and checked by treatment with the restriction enzyme BamHI followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The plasmid was called pUC18lysE.

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of dapB

Chromosomal DNA was isolated from the Corynebacterium glutamicum strain ATCC13032 as indicated in Example 1. The sequence of the dapB gene as such from Corynebacterium glutamicum is known (accession number X67737). However, the published DNA sequence comprises only 56 bp upstream from the translation start, so the 5′ end upstream from the translation start was additionally sequenced.

The sequencing was carried out with plasmid pJC25 (EP-B 0 435 132) using a primer oligonucleotide which binds in the region of the known dapB sequence (accession number X67737). The sequence of the sequencing primer used was:

5′ GAA CGC CAA CCT TGA TTC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9)

The sequencing was carried out by the chain termination method described by Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (74), 5463–5467 (1977). The sequencing reaction was performed with the aid of the AutoRead Sequencing Kit (Pharmacia, Freiburg). The electrophoretic analysis and detection of the sequencing products were carried out with the A.L.F. DNA sequencer from Pharmacia (Freiburg, Germany).

The DNA sequence obtained was used to choose a second primer in order to obtain further sequence data upstream from the transcription start. The following primer was chosen for this purpose:

5′ CTT TGC CGC CGT TGG GTT C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10)

The sequencing reaction was carried out as described above. The novel sequence upstream from the dapB gene is shown as SEQ ID No. 1. The sequence including the nucleotide sequence of the dapB gene is shown as SEQ ID No. 2.

The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the dapB gene. For this purpose, two primer oligonucleotides, chosen on the basis of the known DNA sequence of the dapB gene, were synthesized by MWG Biotech:

P-dap: 5′ (AAG CTT) AGG TTG TAG GCG TTG AGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11) dapall: 5′ TTA ACT TGT TCG GCC ACA GC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12)

The 5′ primer (primer P-dap) contains a HindIII cleavage site which is indicated by brackets in the sequence shown above. The PCR was carried out as in Example 1. An approx. 1.1 kb DNA fragment, which carries the dapB gene and contains a cleavage site for the restriction endonuclease HindIII at one end, was amplified in this way. The PCR fragment obtained was purified from 0.8% agarose gel (QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit from Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and cloned into cloning vector pCR2.1TOPO (Invitrogen, Leek, The Netherlands) with the TOPO TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen, Leek, The Netherlands, cat. no. K4550-01). The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain TOP10F′ from Invitrogen, the transformation mixture was plated on LB agar containing kanamycin (50 mg/l), IPTG (0.16 mM) and X-Gal (64 mg/l) and kanamycin-resistant, white colonies were isolated. Plasmid DNA was isolated from a transformant with the aid of the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit from Qiagen and checked by cleavage with the restriction enzyme HindIII followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA sequence of the amplified DNA fragment was checked by sequencing. The sequence of the PCR product matches the sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 1. The plasmid obtained was called pCR2.1TOPOdapB.

EXAMPLE 3

Cloning of lysE into Vector pEC7

The lysE-carrying fragment from plasmid pUC18lysE (Example 1) was inserted into vector pEC7 as described below. Vector pEC7 is based on E. coli-C. glutamicum shuttle vector pEC5 (Eikmanns et al., Gene 102: 93–98 (1991)). The BamHI cleavage site not located in the polylinker was removed from plasmid pEC5 in the following manner: Plasmid pEC5 was partially cleaved with the restriction enzyme BamHI. The approx. 7.2 kb DNA fragment was isolated from the agarose gel and the protruding ends were filled in with Klenow polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim). The resulting DNA fragment was ligated (T4 ligase, Boehringer Mannheim). The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α and chloramphenicol-resistant colonies were isolated on LB agar containing chloramphenicol (50 mg/l). Plasmid DNA was isolated from a transformant (QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit from Qiagen) and checked by restriction cleavage with the restriction enzymes BamHI and PstI. The resulting plasmid was called pEC6. Plasmid pEC6 was fully cleaved with the restriction enzyme XhoI. A DNA fragment carrying the trp terminator was ligated to vector DNA fragment (T4 ligase, Boehringer Mannheim). The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α and kanamycin-resistant colonies were isolated on LB agar containing kanamycin (50 mg/l). Plasmid DNA was isolated from a transformant (QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit from Qiagen) and checked by restriction cleavage with the restriction enzymes BamHI and XhoI. The resulting plasmid was called pEC7.

Plasmid pUC18lysE described in Example 1 was fully digested with the restriction enzyme BamHI and the 1.1 kb BamHI fragment carrying the lysE gene was isolated as in Example 1. Vector pEC7 was likewise fully cleaved with the restriction enzyme BamHI and treated with alkaline phosphatase. The BamHI vector fragment and the BamHI lysE fragment were ligated (Rapid DNA Ligation Kit, Boehringer Mannheim) and transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α. Plasmid-carrying transformants were selected on LB agar containing chloramphenicol (10 mg/l). Plasmid DNA was isolated (QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit, Qiagen) and checked by restriction cleavage with the enzyme BamHI. The resulting plasmid was called pEC7lysE (FIG. 1). The strain obtained by transformation of plasmid pEC7lysE to the E. coli strain DH5α was called DH5α/pEC7lysE.

EXAMPLE 4

Cloning of dapB into Vector pEC7

An approx. 1.1 kb DNA fragment carrying the dapB gene was isolated from plasmid pCR2.1TOPOdapB (from Example 2). For this purpose, plasmid pCR2.1TOPOdapB was fully digested with the restriction enzyme HindIII and the approx. 1.1 kb DNA fragment carrying the dapB gene was isolated.

The dapB-carrying DNA fragment obtained was ligated to vector pEC7 (Example 3) (T4 DNA ligase, Boehringer Mannheim), which had also been fully digested with the restriction enzyme HindIII and treated with alkaline phosphatase (Boehringer Mannheim). The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α and kanamycin-resistant colonies were isolated on LB agar containing kanamycin (50 mg/l). Plasmid DNA was isolated from a transformant (QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit from Qiagen) and checked by restriction cleavage with the restriction enzyme HindIII. The resulting plasmid was called pEC7dapB (FIG. 2). The Escherichia coli strain obtained was called DH5α/pEC7dapB.

EXAMPLE 5

Preparation of a Plasmid Simultaneously Containing dapB and lysE

The dapB gene was isolated as a HindIII fragment from plasmid pCR2.1TOPOdapB containing the dapB gene from C. glutamicum ATCC13032. To do this, the plasmid was fully digested with the restriction enzyme HindIII and the dapB-carrying DNA fragment was isolated from 0.8% agarose gel (QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit, Qiagen). Vector pEC7 (Example 3) was also fully digested with the restriction enzyme HindIII and treated with alkaline phosphatase. The 1.1 kb fragment containing dapB was ligated to the resulting linear vector fragment (T4 ligase, Boehringer Mannheim) and the ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α. Plasmid-carrying transformants were selected on LB agar containing chloramphenicol (10 mg/l). Plasmid DNA was isolated (QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and checked by restriction cleavage with the restriction enzyme HindIII.

The resulting plasmid was called pEC7lysEdapB. This plasmid is capable of autonomous replication in Escherichia coli and in Corynebacterium and confers resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol on its host.

As shown in FIG. 3, plasmid pEC7lysEdapB simultaneously contains the dapB gene, which codes for dihydrodipicolinate reductase, and the lysE gene, which codes for the lysine exporter. The strain obtained by transformation of the E. coli strain DH5α with pEC7lysEdapB was called DH5α/pEC7lysEdapB.

EXAMPLE 6

Transformation of the Strain MH20-22B with Plasmids pJC1, pJC33 and pJC50

Plasmid pJC1 is a plasmid capable of replication in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum (Cremer et al., Molecular and General Genetics 220: 478–480 (1990)). Plasmid pJC33 (Cremer et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57(6), 1746–1752 (1991)), which carries the lysC(Fbr) gene from the C. glutamicum strain MH20-22B, is derived therefrom.

Plasmid pJC50 is also based on vector pJC1 and carries the lysC(FBR) gene from C. glutamicum MH20-22B and the dapA gene from C. glutamicum ATCC13032 (DE-A-39 43 117).

Plasmids pJC1, pJC33 and pJC50 were introduced into the strain MH20-22B by the electroporation method (Haynes and Britz, FEMS Microbiology Letters (61) 329–334 (1989)). The C. glutamicum strain MH20-22B is an AEC-resistant lysine producer deposited under the number DSM5715.

The transformants obtained by means of electroporation were isolated on selection agar (LBHIS agar (18.5 g/l of brain-heart infusion broth, 0.5 M sorbitol, 5 g/l of bacto tryptone, 2.5 g/l of bacto yeast extract, 5 g/l of NaCl, 18 g/l of bacto agar)) containing 15 mg/l of kanamycin. Plasmid DNA was isolated by the conventional methods (Peters-Wendisch et al., Microbiology 144, 915–927 (1998)), cleaved with suitable restriction endonucleases and checked. The strains obtained were called MH20-22B/pJC1, MH20-22B/pJC33 and MH20-22B/pJC50.

EXAMPLE 7

Transformation with Plasmids pEC7lysE and pEC7dapBlysE

The strains prepared in Example 6 were subsequently provided with a second plasmid.

Plasmids pEC7lysE and pEC7dapBlysE were introduced by the electroporation method into the strains MH20-22B/pJC1, MH20-22B/pJC33 and MH20-22B/pJC50 described.

The transformed bacteria are selected on the basis of the antibiotic resistance of the plasmids they contain. The transformants obtained by means of electroporation were isolated on selection agar (LBHIS agar containing 15 mg/l of kanamycin and 7.5 mg/l of chloramphenicol). Plasmid DNA was isolated, cleaved with suitable restriction endonucleases and checked.

EXAMPLE 8

Preparation of Lysine

The various C. glutamicum strains obtained in Example 7 were cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for lysine production and the lysine content of the culture supernatant was determined.

This was done by first incubating the various strains on agar plates with the appropriate antibiotics (brain-heart agar containing kanamycin (25 mg/l), chloramphenicol (10 mg/l)) for 24 hours at 33° C. These agar plate cultures were used to inoculate a preculture (10 ml of medium in a 100 ml conical flask). Complete medium CgIII was used as the preculture medium. Kanamycin (25 mg/l) and chloramphenicol (10 mg/l) were added. The preculture was incubated for 24 hours at 33° C. on a shaker at 240 rpm. This preculture was used to inoculate a main culture to give an initial OD (660 nm) of 0.2 OD. Medium MM was used for the main culture.

Medium MM CSL (corn steep liquor)   5 g/l MOPS (morpholinopropane  20 g/l sulfonic acid) Glucose  50 g/l (autoclave separately) Salts: (NH₄)₂SO₄  25 g/l KH₂PO₄ 0.1 g/l MgSO₄*7H₂O 1.0 g/l CaCl₂*2H₂O  10 mg/l FeSO₄*7H₂O  10 mg/l MnSO₄*H₂O 5.0 mg/l Biotin 0.3 mg/l (sterile-filtered) Thiamine*HCl 0.2 mg/l (sterile-filtered) CaCO₃  25 g/l

CSL, MOPS and the salt solution are adjusted to pH 7 with aqueous ammonia and autoclaved. The sterile substrate and vitamin solutions and the dry-autoclaved CaCO₃ are then added.

Cultivation is carried out in a volume of 10 ml in a 100 ml conical flask with baffles. Kanamycin (25 mg/l) and chloramphenicol (10 mg/l) were added. Cultivation proceeded at 33° C. and 80% atmospheric humidity.

After 48 hours the OD was measured at a wavelength of 660 nm with a Biomek 1000 (Beckmann Instruments GmbH, Munich). The amount of lysine formed was determined with an amino acid analyzer from Eppendorf-BioTronik (Hamburg, Germany) by means of ion exchange chromatography and postcolumn derivatization with ninhydrin detection. The glucose content was determined with a sugar analyzer from Skalar Analytik GmbH (Erkelenz, Germany).

The experimental results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Lysine- OD HCl Strain Gene (660 nm) g/l DSM5715/pJC1/pEC7lysE lysE 9.1 11.1 DSM5715/pJC33/pEC7lysE lysE, lysC 8.7 12.2 DSM5715/pJC50/pEC7lysE lysE, lysC, dapA 9.1 12.7 DSM5715/pJC23/pEC7lysE lysE, dapA 10.2 13.3 DSM5715/pJC23/ lysE, dapA, dapB 10.9 15.4 pEC7dapBlysE

EXAMPLE 9

Cloning of the aecD Gene into Vector pUC18

Plasmid pSIR21 (Rossol, Thesis, University of Bielefeld 1992) was fully cleaved with the enzymes BglII and EcoRV and the 1.4 kb DNA fragment containing the aecD gene (accession number M89931) (Rossol and Püthler, Journal of Bacteriology 174 (9), 2968–2977 (1992)) from C. glutamicum ATCC13032 was isolated. The isolated DNA fragment was ligated to plasmid pUC18 (which had been fully digested with the enzymes BamHI and SmaI) using T4 DNA ligase, as described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1989), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α. The transformants were selected on brain-heart agar plates containing 100 mg/l of ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one colony. The plasmid obtained was called pUC18::aecD.

EXAMPLE 10

Cloning of the dapA Gene into Plasmid pSP72

A dapA gene fragment is isolated from plasmid pJC20 (Cremer, J., Thesis 1989, University of Dusseldorf) as an SphI-BamHI fragment. Vector pSP72 (Promega Corporation, USA) was fully cleaved with the enzymes SphI and BamHI and treated with alkaline phosphatase. The dapA-carrying fragment was ligated to this vector using T4 DNA ligase. The DNA was then transformed to the E. coli strain XL1 Blue (Bullock, Fernandez and Short, BioTechniques (5), 376–379 (1987)). The transformants were selected on LB medium containing 100 mg/l of ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one transformant and called pSP72::dapA.

EXAMPLE 11

Mutagenesis of the dapA Promoter and Preparation of Plasmids pSP72::dapA(MC20) and pSP72::dapA(MA16)

The Quickchange site directed mutagenesis kit from Stratagene was used for the mutagenesis of the promoter region. The following primers were constructed with the aid of said dapA sequence and used for the mutagenesis:

For the preparation of pSP72::dapA(MC20)

Primer dap1 for MC20 CCA AAT GAG AGA TGG TAA CCT TGA ACT CTA TGA GCA (SEQ ID NO: 13) Primer dap2 for MC20 GTG CTC ATA GAG TTC AAG GTT ACC ATC TTC CCT CAT TTG G (SEQ ID NO: 14) For the preparation of pSP72::dapA(MA16) Primer dap3 for MA16 CCA AAT GAG GGA AGA AGG TAT AAT TGA ACT CTA TGA GCA (SEQ ID NO: 15) Primer dap4 for MA16 GTG CTC ATA GAG TTC AAT TAT ACC TTC TTC CCT CAT TTG G (SEQ ID NO: 16)

The PCR was carried out as indicated by the manufacturer of the Quickchange site directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene) using plasmid pSP72::dapA (from Example 10) as the template.

The mutagenesis mixtures were transformed to the E. coli strain XL1 Blue. The transformants were selected on LB medium containing 100 mg/l of carbenicillin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one transformant and the loss of the BstEII cleavage site was controlled by BstEII digestion. Plasmids no longer carrying a BstEII cleavage site exhibited the desired mutation.

The plasmids obtained were transformed to the dapA-defective E. coli mutant RDAB. The transformation mixtures were plated on LB containing 100 mg/l of carbenicillin in order to test the complementation of the dapA mutation. DNA was isolated from one transformant in each case and the plasmids obtained were called pSP72::dapA(MC20) and pSP72::dapA(MA16). The plasmids were sequenced by the chain termination method described in Sanger et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (74), 5463–5467 (1977), using the reverse and universal sequencing primers. The sequencing reaction was performed with the aid of the AutoRead Sequencing Kit (Pharmacia, Freiburg). The electrophoretic analysis and detection of the sequencing products were carried out with the A.L.F. DNA sequencer (Pharmacia, Freiburg).

EXAMPLE 12

Preparation of Plasmids pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MC20) and pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MA16) (Recloning of the Mutagenized Fragments)

Plasmids pSP72::dapA(MC20) and pSP72::dapA(MA16) (from Example 11) were fully cleaved with the restriction enzymes PvuII and SmaI. The 1450 bp PvuII-SmaI fragments carrying the dapA gene with the mutated MC20 or MA16 promoter were ligated to StuI-cleaved vector pUC18::aecD (from Example 9) using T4 DNA ligase. The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5α. The transformants were selected on LB medium containing 100 mg/l of ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one transformant in each case to give plasmids pUC18aecD::dapA(MC20) and pUC18aecD::dapA(MA16).

Plasmids pUC18aecD::dapA(MC20) and pUC18aecD::dapA(MA16) were partially cleaved with the restriction enzyme EcORI and fully cleaved with the enzyme SalI to give the 3.0 kb fragment carrying aecD::dapA(MA16) or aecD::dapA(MC20). The fragment was ligated to vector pK19mobsacB (which had been cleaved and treated with alkaline phosphatase) (Schäfer et al., Gene (145), 69–73 (1994)) using T4 DNA ligase. The ligation mixture was transformed to the E. coli strain DH5 (Hanahan (1985), in: DNA Cloning. A Practical Approach, vol. I, IRL-Press, Oxford, Washington D.C., USA). The transformants were selected on LB medium containing 50 mg/l of kanamycin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one transformant in each case to give plasmids pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MC20) and pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MA16).

The plasmid DNA was transformed to the E. coli strain S17-1 (Simon, Priefer and Pühler, Bio/Technology (1), 784–791 (1983)). The transformants were selected on LB medium containing 50 mg/l of kanamycin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one transformant in each case and checked. The strains obtained were called S17-1/pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MC20) and S17-1/pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MA16).

EXAMPLE 13

Preparation of the C. glutamicum Strains DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20) and DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)

Plasmids pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MC20) and pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MA16) were transferred from S17-1/pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MC20) and S17-1/pK19mobsacBaecD::dapA(MA16) (from Example 12) to the C. glutamicum strain DSM5715 by the conjugation method (Schäfer et al., Journal of Bacteriology (172), 1663–1666 (1990)). For selection of the transconjugants, the conjugation mixtures were plated on brain-heart medium containing nalidixic acid and kanamycin. The transconjugants obtained were incubated overnight in 10 ml of brain-heart medium. Aliquots were then plated on plates containing sucrose (brain-heart agar containing 10% of sucrose) in order to select for loss of sucrose sensitivity. Sucrose-resistant clones were isolated and checked again on agar plates containing chloramphenicol and kanamycin (brain-heart medium containing 15 mg/l of kanamycin and brain-heart medium containing 10 mg/l of chloramphenicol).

Colonies exhibiting the following phenotype were isolate:

-   sucrose resistant -   kanamycin sensitive -   chloramphenicol sensitive

The insertion of the dapA gene fragment into the aecD gene was checked by the Southern blot method (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1989), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press).

EXAMPLE 14

Preparation of the C. glutamicum Strains DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7lysE, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7lysE, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7 and DSM5715/pEC7

As described in Example 3, the lysE gene is present in vector pEC7. This plasmid pEC7lysE and plasmid pEC7 were introduced into the strains DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20), DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)and DSM5715 (from Example 13) by means of electroporation (Haynes 1989, FEMS Microbiology Letters 61, 329–334) to give C. glutamicum DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7lysE, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7lysE, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7 and DSM5715/pEC7. The transformants were selected on brain-heart agar containing 25 mg/l of kanamycin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one transformant in each case and checked.

The following strains were obtained in this way:

-   DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7lysE, -   DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7lysE, -   DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7, -   DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7, and -   DSM5715/pEC7.

EXAMPLE 15

Preparation of Lysine with the Strains Prepared in Example 14

After precultivation in CgIII medium (Kase & Nakayama, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 36 (9), 1611–1621 (1972)), the strains DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7lysE, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7lysE, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7, DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7 and DSM5715/pEC7 were cultivated in MM production medium as described in Example 8. After incubation for 48 hours, the optical density at 660 nm and the concentration of L-lysine formed were determined.

The experimental results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 OD Lysine.HCl Strain (660 nm) g/l DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7lysE 13.3 13.8 DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7lysE 12.4 14.3 DSM5715/pEC7 13.3 11.5 DSM5715aecD::dapA(MA16)/pEC7 13.3 12.9 DSM5715aecD::dapA(MC20)/pEC7 14.0 12.8 

1. A vector comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 5. 2. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 1. 3. The host cell of claim 2 that is a prokaryotic cell.
 4. A vector comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 that is linked to a Corynebacterium dapA gene.
 5. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 4. 6. The host cell of claim 5, further comprising a vector comprising a Cornybacterium lysC gene.
 7. A vector comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 6. 8. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 7. 9. The host cell of claim 8 that is a prokaryotic cell.
 10. A vector comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 that is operatively linked to a Corynebacterium dapA gene.
 11. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 10. 12. The host cell of claim 11, further comprising a vector comprising a Cornybacterium lysC gene.
 13. A process of producing L-lysine comprising culturing the host cell of claim 3 under suitable conditions to produce L-lysine, and isolating the L-lysine from the culture.
 14. A process of producing L-lysine comprising culturing the host cell of claim 6 under suitable conditions to produce L-lysine, and isolating the L-lysine from the culture.
 15. The process of claim 13 wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises promoter DNA other than the promoter DNA for the native DapA polypeptide operatively linked to the DNA encoding the DapA polypeptide.
 16. The process of claim 14 wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises promoter DNA other than the promoter DNA for the native DapA polypeptide operatively linked to the DNA encoding the DapA polypeptide.
 17. A process of producing L-lysine comprising culturing the host cell of claim 9 under suitable conditions to produce L-lysine, and isolating the L-lysine from the culture.
 18. A process of producing L-lysine comprising culturing the host cell of claim 12 under suitable conditions to produce L-lysine, and isolating the L-lysine from the culture.
 19. The process of claim 17 wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises promoter DNA other than the promoter DNA for the native DapA polypeptide operatively linked to the DNA encoding the DapA polypeptide.
 20. The process of claim 18 wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises promoter DNA other than the promoter DNA for the native DapA polypeptide operatively linked to the DNA encoding the DapA polypeptide. 